Three Wheeled Vehicle Dynamics : Static Stability Factor Improvement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47355/jaset.v3i2.60Keywords:
Three Wheeled Vehicle, Rollover, Static Stability Factor, Active SafetyAbstract
Three Wheeled Vehicles are gaining popularity across various Asian and African countries. They are characterized for their relatively low susceptibility to rollover when compared to Four Wheeled Vehicles. Establishing an analytical criterion based on architectural parameters such as wheelbase, rear track, masses, and center of gravity coordinates is crucial. This criterion assists manufacturers, particularly during the initial design stages, providing valuable guidance for optimizing vehicle stability. The Static Stability Factor serves as a prominent design criterion in the automotive sector, offering an assessment of a vehicle's resistance to rollover incidents. This paper aims to enhance the existing criterion initially proposed by Huston et al., particularly by addressing scenarios where a load is unevenly distributed on the vehicle's tray. The findings of this study underscore the high sensitivity of such vehicles to unsymmetrical loading configurations.
References
IMARC Group. “Three-Wheeler Market Report by Vehicle Type (Passenger Carrier, Load Carrier), Passenger Vehicle
(4-Seater, 6-Seater), Fuel Type (Petrol/CNG, Diesel, Electric), and Region 2024-2032”. Retrieved from https://www.imarcgroup.com/three-wheeler-market; Report ID: SR112024A3091.
P. Starkey, Z. Batool, M. W. Younis. “The Expansion Of Three-Wheeler Transport Services:The Case Of Qingqis In Pakistan”. 26th World Road Congress, October 2019.
Sarah H. Abdulamer, Hamid A. Eedan. “Effect Of Three-Wheeled Vehicles On The Capacity Of A Traffic Stream”. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2nd online Scientific conference for Graduate Engineering Students, June 2021, doi:10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.16.
T. Gawade, S. Mukherjee, D. Mohan. “Rollover Propensity of Three-Wheel Scooter Taxis”. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), SAE World Congress, March 2004, doi: 10.4271/2004-01-1622.
W.K.R. Peiris, K.Y.H.D. Shantha, S.A.P.S. Silva. “Dynamic Analysis Related with Safety for Three Wheeler”. Sri Lankan Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Vol. XLIX, No. 02, pp. 25-31, April 2016, doi: 10.4038/engineer.v49i2.7006.
Jeffrey P. Chrstos, Dennis A. Guenther. “The Measurement of Static Rollover Metrics”. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), SAE International Congress & Exposition, February 1992, doi: 10.4271/920582.
A. Ekuase, S. C. Aduloju, P. Ogenekaro, W. S. Ebhota, D.E. Dania. “Determination of Center of Gravity and Dynamic Stability Evaluation of a Cargo-type Tricycle”. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 26-31, doi: 10.12691/ajme-3-1-5.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. “Rollover Resistance”.
Retrieved from https://one.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/roll_resistance/; June 2000, Docket No. NHTSA-2000-8298.
S. Kumar, V. K. Goel. “Effect Of Suspension System On Handling Behaviour Of Threewheeled Vehicle”. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, National Conference on “Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering RAME", Special Issue, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2014.
M. Blatnický, J. Dižo, A. Suchánek, P.Šťastniak. “Research on dynamical properties of a three wheeled electric vehicle from the point of view of driving safety”. DeGruyter, April 2023, doi: 10.1515/eng-2022-0441.
J. C. Huston, B. J. Graves, D. B. Johnson. “Three Wheeled Vehicle Dynamics”. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), SAE Technical Paper 920582, 1992, doi: 10.4271/920582.
B. Sunday, U. Thomas, I. S. Ityokumbul, A. Nasir. “Effect Of Number Of Passengers [Loading] On Centre Of Gravity Of A Three Wheeled Vehicle [Keke-Napep]”. Arid Zone Journal Of Engineering, Technology & Environment, Vol. 15(3), pp. 628-637, September 2019.
P. G. Van Valkenburgh, R.H. Klein, J. Kanianthra. “Three-Wheel Passenger Vehicle Stability and Handling”. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), SAE Technical Paper 820140, 1982, doi: 10.4271/820140.
M. A. Rodríguez-Licea. “On the Tripped Rollovers and Lateral Skid in Three-Wheeled Vehicles and Their Mitigation”. MPDI, Vehicles 2021, 3, pp. 357–376, doi: 10.3390/vehicles3030022.
S. J. Ojolo, O. O. Ajayi, G. A. Asuelinmen. “Rollover Stability Models For Three-Wheeled Vehicle Design”. Arid Zone Journal Of Engineering, Technology & Environment, Vol. 16(1), pp. 92-99, March 2020.
G. A. Asuelinmen, S. J. Ojolo, O. O. Ajayi. “Investigating The Lateral Stability Of Three-Wheeled Scooter Taxi Due To Tyre-Road Forces”. Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 189-195, January 2020.
Altigreen: Indian Electric Three Wheeler Vehicle Company. “ Altigreen neEV Low Deck”. Retrieved from https://www.altigreen.com/vehicle/cargo/electric-3-wheeler/low-deck.
K. B. Singh,S. Sivaramakrishnan. “Extended Pacejka Tire Model for Enhanced Vehicle Stability Control”. Arxiv, May 2023, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.18422.
J. Dižo, M. Blatnický1, P. Kurčík1 .“Analysis of driving properties of a three-wheeled vehicle with a newly designed steering system”. MATEC Web of Conferences 254, January 2019, doi:10.1051/matecconf/201925403008.
R. A. Azim, F. M. Malik, W. H. Syed .“ Rollover Mitigation Controller Development for Three-Wheeled Vehicle Using Active Front Steering”. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015, 9 pages, doi: 10.1155/2015/918429.












